Physical health Essay

1. Discuss the meanings Steve now places on health and physical activity. Steve doesn’t put much meaning on his health, either mentally, physically, emotionally or socially. He hasn’t got his family to encourage him to get out and participate in sport, so he let himself go and does not get motivated. From his point of view his health is good and is living the â€Å"good life† because he hasn’t got support to get his life back to what he was. The â€Å"good life† from his view is to go out every weekend or night and party out late. He drinks alcohol and smokes so he is ruining his health every day, but he doesn’t see it is a problem. He might not have got taught the right health ways and think he can do whatever he want because he is young and free. This will affect him later in life but he doesn’t seem to care as he is living how he has wanted to, his family were the ones encouraging him to do this, and without them around he doesnâ₠¬â„¢t feel the need to do it. 2. Demonstrate how Steve’s lifestyle choices could be affecting his physical health. List any possible future problems. Steve’s lifestyle choices are affecting all areas of his health but one in particular that could affect his life span and that is his physical health. He started smoking and drinking. His dating life could also be a problem. His job can cause problems to his health. They are all decreasing his physical health. Every time he smokes he is increasing his chance of getting lung cancer. His drinking is going to affect him heavily later as he will end up with all sorts of problems, example- he could once turn up to work drunk and do everything wrong, resulting in him having no job. His dating life could result in somehow contracting a sexually transmitted infection. His job is affecting his health, as his job doesn’t require much; he just sits down all day, he could end up with bad pains all through his body. They all cause future problems to Steve an d by doing all these things he is decreasing his life expectancy, giving him a shorter life than expected. 3. List the changes in his social circumstances that have influenced the changes in Steve’s health and physical activity levels. Steve social circumstances have changed affecting the way he lives now, causing him to change. He has changed as he has moved out of home, leaving his family out of his life without them pushing him to do his best he found new friends who do what he is doing. His job has changed his social circumstances as he can have a night out and do what he needs to, his work friends should be encouraging him that he needs to take more pride in his job. When he finished school he might have lost all of his friends that were impacting him in a good way with the training and playing of different sports. His social circumstances have changed his life because he left school and not having family made him think he could live however he wants and not care. 4. Describe the possible outcomes for Steve’s emotional health is he continues with his current lifestyle. Emotional health refers to the ability to express emotions when they are appropriate and control them when they are not. If Steve continues with his behaviour he may not be able to control his emotions, his self-esteem will be very low. He won’t be able to see him as he is, he will see his self-image as worse than it actually it because of his low emotional health and low self-esteem. His late night partying will put down his emotional health is he keeps going with his routine, he will continue to think girls will fall for him but sometimes they will not, possibly causing his emotional health to deteriorate. His health on the health continuum will be very low, as he isn’t being able to control all of his health especially the physical and emotional health. If he picks up more exercise and does committee to his job he will have better emotional health stabili ty, meaning he will be able to control his emotions and express them accordingly to the situation. 5. Identify the 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and describe what each area means in your own words. Developing personal skills: is about improving the individuals skills, developing a better understand for the individual to help them better their health. It helps the individual find ways to help better their health, giving them more confidence about their health. Creating supportive environments: is about the environment and making it better. It’s about creating a better environment for a person to be able to do what they want. It’s got both physical and social aspects, like a park for exercising or close friends supporting you in a big sporting event. Strengthening community action: is about getting the community involved to better the health of those within the community. The ideas from the community are called ‘bottom-up’ meaning the community comes up with the ideas and tries to get help to impose them in the areas, and a ‘top-down’ is when the ideas are coming from the government on what they think will better the health of those in that community. Reorientating health services: is about trying to invest more money into prevention rather than a cure. They believe if they can put more money into prevention then they will save more money. It doesn’t dismiss the importance on health care, as you can still get diseases genetically, but this is about trying to prevent those who get diseases that they can prevent by choosing better lifestyles. Building healthy public policy: is about the rules, laws and legislations. It is about the government and organisations that work towards better health, emplacing rules and laws, example- restricted smoking location within public places, or in schools where they have the ‘no hat, no play’ policy. 6. Recommend ways Steve can improve his health by following at least 2 of the 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Give specific examples. Steve can improve his health in any of the five action areas, but the two that he should increase in are developing personal skills and creating supportive environments. Those two areas will help build up his health again. Developing personal skills is all about the individual and what they can do better for their health. Creating supportive environments is all about physical and social sides. It is increasing the family/friends bond for them to support you. Steve can develop his personal skills by going back to do some vigorous exercise. He needs to go and get help, and see if sleeping with different women can cause him to have a sexually transmitted infection. With him developing his personal skills, he can change his life around, making it better for him to live. Steve can create a supportive environment with his friends and family by getting them to help him change out of his bad habits. With his family by his side it can help him to make the right decisions. The physical side of a supportive environment can be getting his friends or family to go out and exercise with him. The two action areas developing personal skills and creating supportive environments can change his life around for the better, bettering his life expectancy, he then will put a better look on his health instead of wanting to always live the â€Å"good life,† he can go out sometimes but always going out is not good for his health. If his family and friends help him to go and see a doctor they can help him change his life around.

Overview of the Social Costs of White-Collar Crime Essay

How much white collar crime actually exists in the society is determined by the organizational resources available to uncover, investigate, and prosecute it, and more generally, enforce what most experts already regard as inadequate laws aimed at its control. Increase rates of white-collar crime produced social costs that is rooted from individual professional employees which is later on promulgated to the rest of the organization and the society as a whole (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 136-137). Social costs can be classified on either monetary or non-monetary level. Financial loss will surely impact those inside and outside the organization. In addition it can also be viewed that social costs of white collar crime may also be related with the economic costs (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 95). It causes devastation to the entire community as compare to lone bank robbery victim. The impact last for many years since it is not only the money being stolen from the company but company services as well (Salinger 177). Victims are affected even for their entire life because they are deprived of their lifetime savings. Identity theft causes victims to be ridiculed by other people because they are misjudged for having criminal records and huge bank credit statements which they did not purchased. Thefts on the other hand commits something that violates not only the law but trust from other people as well. White collar crime damages social relationship. It loosens the morale of people and leads to ample disorganization (Salinger 190). A common white collar crime is tax evasion, which has a very specific effect: taxes are hiked for the poor, to cover for the costs that companies won’t cover. Increased economic hardship for the average citizen and consumer (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 136-137). Crime increases the cost of doing business, and any such increase in business costs is ultimately passed on to the consumer through increased prices and decreased services. Social workers party are also formed as a sign of rebellion to unjust regulations within the company which results to more complex development in businesses (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 252). Deliberately inadequate services and deficient products incur costs. Injury, illness, disability, and death with their attendant psychological suffering are all too common by-products of certain types of white collar crime. This service quality greatly affects the work efficiency of people since manpower is decreasing and may lead to worker’s death (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 136-137). Totality of white collar crime results various social costs. Because workers are underpaid, has no/low insurance and are underprivileged, it has a domino effect that is passed on to other people until it consumes the whole society.

Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management: Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Foundations of Exceptionality (EDUC 521)Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management:Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral DisordersClassroom management and organization plays a vital role in the learning process for all students, and especially in students having EBD. The research conducted in the article, Special Education Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management: Implications for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, by Regina Oliver and Daniel Reschly, examines the question â€Å"Do academic courses and training prepare special education teachers to know how to cope with the needs of EBD children in the classroom?† Special education teachers need the skills to manage the classroom effectively; lacking this knowledge can lead to students spending too much time outside the classroom and the learning process.To examine the academics in teacher preparation programs a study was conducted using syllabi from these programs employing information from a larger assessment of higher education institutions; only classroom management categories were evaluated. In measuring this data the Innovation Configuration (IC) chart was utilized; IC’s are the usual form of quantifying assessment (Oliver & Reschly, 2010).The results indicate that many institutions of higher learning were lacking in areas of curriculum preparing special education teachers to work with EBD students and their behaviors in the classroom. Areas established to be lacking were: active supervision and student engagement, classroom routines, structured environment, and school wide behavioral expectations. In the syllabi from the institutions many of the elements listed were not included and 42% did not include teaching how to set up classroom rules; a well planned set of rules and expectations in the classroom is a pr eventive  approach to discipline (2010).One can see that there could be a correlation between teacher preparation curriculum and EBD student’s behaviors and the learning process; further studies are needed to ascertain a connection. Students and teachers would greatly gain from such studies, because it could warrant a change in curriculum and training.

The Effectiveness of Government Subsidies for Goods Essay

The Effectiveness of Government Subsidies for Goods - Essay Example Subsidies involve payment of a certain portion of the cost of production to the firm with an objective of lowering the price of the good and thereby encouraging more consumption of the same (Lines, 2005). Subsidizing farm produce has the effect of ensuring there is enough food stuff and agriculture related products in the economy. However, critics of this economic policy argue that it breeds inefficiency and misallocation of scarce resources. Objective This research will be guided by the following objective: To establish the effectiveness of government subsidies on commodities in the product market. Literature Review Conradie (2009) notes that the poor condition of most of the marine capture fisheries in the world has raised increasing public concern of late. There is an imminent economic impact of diminished resources of fish on the regions’ economies in both developed and developing world economies, as well as near commercial extinction of stocks of fish that have placed gre at impact on ecosystems. The declaration which emanated in the World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting that was held in Doha emphasized on fisheries as a sector which needs maximum considerations in the next meeting of international negotiations on world trade. While there is a concern on overfishing, the main operational concern remains the role played by subsidies in stimulation of overfishing. If it comes out that the existence of subsidies stimulate overfishing, and then there is need to come up with a control mechanism or completely eliminate the policy. Subsidies often play two key extra roles; they do stimulate fishing and may possibly raise the national income of the country (Grosh, 2008). If the fishing level is below that level that can be safely sustained in the economy, then subsidies that enhance fishing could be useful. Lines (2005) cite that subsidies could interfere with the World Trade Organization control regulations if they lie within the realms of the Internationa l Agreements on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures by the WTO. The concept of subsidies is delicate in the sense that the government introduces them for valid purposes, like economic development strategies. However, with the passage of time, subsidies that were intended for useful purposes may become entrenched and start serving primarily the desires of industry participants who receive the subsidies. Elimination of these subsidies therefore becomes a political thing in the locality, with external implications. Haddad and Shepherd (2011) argue that the policy of subsidies is a complex one due to the fact that there exist no agreement as to what a subsidy actually is. There also exists no scientific way of measuring a subsidy and evaluating its impact to the intended economic sector. At the policy level, we do not have an agreement on when subsidies can be considered harmful or useful. Part of the reason behind the existence of an agreement is the fact that it is complicated to ev aluate the impacts of subsidies in the environment, economy, internal and international trade. Part of the reason for non- agreement on what the definition of a subsidy entails is because subsidies are nowadays being eliminated by governments, it could not be politically wise for a country admitting that a policy actually implies a subsidy. Clements (1998) explains a situation where South African government, through the Department of Agriculture,

Financial Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Forecasting - Essay Example The report also explains further information that needs to be reviewed to make the findings more meaningful. This performance analysis can be used by the management, the shareholders or the potential investors to identify with the performance of the company and in particular assess its strengths and weaknesses. Assumptions The following information is available for preparation of the marginal costing cost statement ?/Unit Direct materials 0.04 Direct labour 0.15 0.19 Selling price 0.5 The fixed production overheads include depreciation amounts to ?3,000 per month. For the first month, the sales are forecasted to be 1000 units and 1,200 units will be produced. A fixed selling cost of ?1,500 per month and a variable selling cost of ?0.02 per unit will be budgeted. There are no opening stocks. Discussion The company is projected to maintain a current ratio of 1.66 (53,800/32,433), which is a very healthy liquidity level and which will ensure that the company is able to service its short -term liabilities using short-term assets without difficulties. This also means that the company’s financial position will be strong and it will be hard for it to be declared bankrupt whatsoever. The company is expected to generate a shareholder’s equity of 42,248, a part of which will come from paid in capital and the other part will be raised from the sale of new stock. Besides this, the company is expected to retain earnings of ? 5,041, which will be expected to grow substantially considering the company will continue to generate attractive profit margins (Leonie, 2007). The forecasted balance sheet is represented in appendix 5. Appendix 4 represents the forecasted Income Statement. This statement shows that the company is going to make good money as revealed by the first year’s net income, which amounts to ? 5,041. This is a substantial amount of profits considering this will be the first year of operation, when the company will incur substantial operating c osts, especially on fixed assets. As such, it is expected that the company will generate handsome income from the second year of operation when the operating expenses will have dropped significantly. This remarkable performance will chiefly result from the huge sales (?50,000) that the company is expected to make because the soft drink products will be very popular with the customers. Huge sales are particularly where the company expects its sustainable growth to come from. Analyzing the cost statement (Appendix 1), it is apparent that the company will generate a gross profit margin of 62%, possibly indicating that the cost of sales will be relatively small, hence making the company’s business more profitable (Tamari, 1978). It is expected that this gross margin will increase substantially in the future. The profit margin of the company is 10% ([5041/50,000] *100), which is somewhat lower because it is the first year of operation and the non-operating expenses are naturally h igh. After recovering from the shocks of struggling to break even, this margin is expected to grow significantly (Pendlebury and Groves, 2010). The cash flow statement (Appendix 4) shows that the company will be expected to generate enough cash, which is required to sustain growth. The fact that there is no deficit means that the cash generation will be adequate to outpace growth and hence not much additional financing will be borrowed from outside. More so, the company will be generating sufficient cash to pay its short-term needs. Therefore, when the credit markets become tight, the company will not experience much difficulty as it can comfortably generate finance from internal resources considering its stable

Critique article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique - Article Example t, 2000, p.783) The author begins with the conceptual analysis of the resistance to change and describes the process of eventual alteration in employee responses. He presents a summary of different literature on this issue with an approach to critique. It finally talks in favor of a bottom up process of evaluating the responses instead of presenting a simple generalization of the concept. For the purpose of reaching his point the author presents certain concepts and categorizations relevant to the issue. The author introduces the concept of ‘resistance to change’ as, â€Å"critical theorists and labor policy scholars argue that the interests of managers should not be privileged over the interests of workers† (Piderit, 2000, p.783). This simplification of the concept overlooks the complex analyses of the responses from the workers. This also overrules the positive intentions behind some negative responses. Complementing this view Pasmore points out that a resistance is actually a product of interaction or communication between the two agents involved in the change process. He also echoes Piderit’s view that a change need not be a ‘bad’ thing. The agent implementing the change should therefore go back to the background and the objectives of the change process rather than simply trying to overcome the resistance (Pasmore, p.214). In this context the role of leadership is worth mentioning. Resistance has to be worked through or managed by the lead ers in the ideal manner (Markham, 1999, p.16). Power and Eastman (1997) brings up the role of transformational leadership in bringing about organizational change and determining the course along which the change might occur. Transformation leadership can help in implementing change through articulation of the vision adopted by the leader, the followers or subordinates accepting this vision and an analogy stuck between the interests of the followers and the vision projected before them. The role of leadership in

Relationship between legal immigration and drug crime Dissertation

Relationship between legal immigration and drug crime - Dissertation Example The issue that criminologists focus on is whether immigration is associated with higher than expected increases in levels of criminal deviance. Crime researchers have addressed this question using one of two general approaches. The first is through individual-level analyses that examine immigrant involvement in crime. Such studies provide insight into the question of whether immigrants are involved disproportionately in the commission of criminal acts. The second approach is less interested in the criminal behavior of individuals, focusing instead on the impacts of immigration, measured at the macro-level, on observed levels of crime. Using data measured at higher levels of aggregation (i.e., neighborhoods, cities, metropolitan areas), this line of scholarship is concerned with the extent to which the presence of an area's foreign-born population affects levels of crime, net of structural and socio-demographic characteristics of an area. Studies falling into this category address the question of whether immigration is related to increased levels of crime. Historical Studies on Immigration and Crime The earliest quantitative studies that focused explicitly on the immigrant/crime link began to emerge as rates of immigration peaked in the early decades of the twentieth century. Three separate reports issued during this period represent the earliest research efforts to take seriously the notion that there may be nativity differences in patterns of criminal offending. A 1901 report issued by the Industrial Commission concluded that foreign-born whites were less involved in crime than their native-born counterparts. This conclusion was supported in a report released by the Immigrant Commission a decade later. In 1911 the Immigrant Commission argued that there was no evidence indicating that immigrants contributed disproportionately to increases in crime. The most extensive of the three reports, the "Wickersham Report," was released in 1931 by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. The conclusions drawn by the Wickersham Report are similar to those mentioned above that, in general, there was little evidence supporting the notion that foreigners engaged in higher levels of criminal activity than natives (Martinez, 2002; LaFree et al. 2000). Exceptions to this general trend were also noted in the early immigration/crime research. For example, each of the reports mentioned disparities in levels of offending across immigrant generations. Increased involvement in criminal behavior was seen as a consequence of assimilating into American society, particularly for members of the second generation. The Wickersham Report also suggested that immigrants may be more likely to be involved in particular types of crime (i.e., homicide). The conclusions drawn in the early immigration/crime studies have been viewed with suspicion mainly because they were not based on careful empirical analyses. An author of one of the sections of the Wickersham report questioned the results from any criminological research of the period because of the limitations of the data a nd the lack of methodological sophistication used to analyze

Religious Freedom and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religious Freedom and Human Rights - Essay Example e of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which guarantees and protects fundamental human freedoms, there are a lot of cases of their brutal violation. According to the International Religious Freedom Report for 2013, around 400 Shiite and 80 Christians were murdered during the attack of sectarians in Pakistan and are exposed to serious danger in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iran. Different religious minorities, including Hindus, are subjected to oppression and physical abuse in Bangladesh due to political instability in the country. Buddhist groups demolished churches and mosques in Shri Lanka. Falun Gong followers and Catholic clergymen were incarcerated and tormented in China (â€Å"International Religious Freedom Report,† 2013, p. 2). So, several questions arise: do people really have the freedom of faith and where lies the difference between religious liberty and religious extremism? The purpose of the paper is to define the concept of â€Å"religious freedom†. Further, it will analyze the impact of this notion on human rights. Also, it will evaluate the importance of religious freedom for the functioning of international system. Though it is popularly believed that religious freedom originated in Western culture, there is persuasive evidence indicating that this concept came from ancient Persia, Sumeria, Africa and China. In conformity with Persian Documentation and Hebrew Scriptures, around 2,600 years ago Cyrus the Great implemented the policy of adopting tolerant attitude towards people of different religions. This regime restored Jewish outcast’s right of returning to their fatherland. Other holy texts pointed out that there must not be any coercion in religious beliefs (Hertzke, 2012, p. 109). Freedom of religion is universally acknowledged to be one of the fundamental human rights. It is stated in different declarations of the United Nations Organization, international agreements and national legislation. Article 18 of the

The Case for Organic Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Case for Organic Agriculture - Essay Example Humus contains organic material - living tissue that has died and its components are being recycled. Microbes like bacteria and fungi work on organic material, breaking it down into its smaller building blocks that can then be taken back up by a new plant. Humus has a structure that makes it easy for living plants to find and take up the nutrients. Some of the salts, for example, stick on the ends of long wavy molecules that are easy for plants to grab. Humus is dynamic and always changing. The community of microbes can be very diverse and stable as long as more and more organic matter is fed to the soil to maintain all those microscopic creatures (Donahue et al. , 1983). Plants also need lots of water for proper growth. Water will just run through sand or ground rock so humus along with the clay holds water in the soil.where it will be available to plant roots. Soil provides the matrix where seeds are first nurtured. When the seed first starts to grow, it pushes out tiny roots to begin interacting with the soil to find water and nutrients. A green, leafy stem pushes up out of the soil reaching for the sky because plants receive energy from the sun to make them grow. The water at the top of that stem evaporates into the air and pulls more water and nutrients up from the soil into the plant. ... Unfortunately, when they eat from the plants on a farm, they are eating our food, so any farming system must consider these pests. Conventional and organic farmers take different approaches to these two main issues: maintaining enough nutrients to feed the plants and protecting plants from pests. Conventional agriculture emphasizes maximizing yield and farming efficiency. These farmers look at the growing population and say that we need all the food we can possibly grow. Such farms use chemical fertilizers to replace the nutrients that plants take up out of the soil. These are generally, mineral salts of nitrates, phosphates, and potassium. These are applied to the field as dried pellets that dissolve in water. By putting these nutrients into the soil, the conventional farmer is certain that his plants will have enough for the fastest and maximum growth. Such plants often take up lots of water with the nutrients which swells them and makes them look fat and juicy and easier to sell Of course, every time it rains or the farmers irrigates the field, some nutrients will travel with the water wherever it go - sometimes into nearby rivers and streams, so often nutrients are lost when applying fertilizers. Such outside nutrients can sometimes disrupt the delicate ecosystem balances in the waters where they end up. Conventional farmers also act strongly when pests like insects or weeds interfere with growth of their crops. These farmers spray specially made poisons on or around plants to kill off the pests. Many farmers also spray 'prophylactically' before pests arrive so plants will not have any losses or even markings from insect pests. Unfortunately, these poisons are not specific to one certain kind of insect.

Strategic Information System Planning Essay Example for Free

Strategic Information System Planning Essay Strategic Information System Planning is imperative in business planning because firms cannot become competitive in both the short term and the long term periods without them. Tamir, Seev, Moshe, and Chanan (2010, p. 18) writes that in management of a firm, Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) is imperative and is the roadmap to ensuring that Information Technology ‘activities are congruent with those of the rest of the organization and its evolving needs’. The authors define Strategic Information System Planning as a way of strategic thinking through which an organization establishes the most enviable Information System platform to employ and put into effect long-term Information Technology activities and policies (Tamir et, al. p 18). Therefore, Sabherwal and Chau (2003, p. 12) concurs with Tamir et, al. by referring to SISP as a means through which a firm can assure its Information Technology functions are congruent to the firm’s emerging strategies and needs at the present and the future. The author writes that it is the increasing popularity of IT in the late 20the century and the need for enterprises to control their IT framework that has made SISP to become a critical tool in management. According to Sabherwal et. al. , in order for SISP to succeed, the firm must align with business planning. Henry, Albert, and Cidambi (2003, pp. 202) in their article writes that SISP has in the recent pat become a tool of concern to almost all Information systems and business executives and the degree to which it is applied in management affects the business considerably. In his research study, the author focused on the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of the planning phases applied in SISP. He defines SISP as the means through which a firm establishes an assortment of computer-based functions to facilitate the firm accomplish the set goals and objectives. Furthermore he says that SISP is an elaborate and multifaceted cluster of definite interconnected activities or tasks. In the same regard, Fredrickson and Mitchell (1984, pp. 05) notes that SISP as comprehensive IT mechanism that a firm incorporates into its management strategies and in a precise manner he has referred to SISP as the degree to which a firm endeavors to be inclusive and exhaustive in formulating and incorporating IT-based policies in its strategic decisions. Subsequently, the authors have continued to say that SISP as a form of planning is subject to less or more comprehensiveness and this is normally exemplified in evaluations of vital SISP characteristics that comprises of involvement of both the management and users as well as the application of IS resources and planning. Doherty, Marples, and Suhaimi (1999, pp. 270) have referred to SISP as the application of the current and continuing activities that facilitates an organization formulate prioritized policies in regard to IS advancement. Therefore, functions are selected for their grouping to set business objectives as well as their ability to produce considerable impact on a firm’s competitive positioning. Subsequently, XXX writes that SISP encompasses looking for applications that will impact highly on the organization and place it in a more competitive market advantage compared to other competitors. Hence, while incorporating a range of works from other authors, Doherty et. al defines SISP as ‘†¦. process of identifying a portfolio of computer-based applications†¦. ’ (1999, p. 263). Henry and Albert (2006, pp. 482) in their article notes that the continuing uncertainty brought about by advancements in Information Technology has made comprehensive planning process to become a vital tool. Besides, he writes that SISP facilitates firms to execute calculated business planning which in his view is a learning process. The author seems in his work has cited Doherty et. al (1999) and Henry et. l. (2003) and agrees with their definition of SISP. Additionally, he says that SISP can be referred to as the procedures of partly ordered steps geared towards achieving set objectives. Quoting Mentaz, he says that SISP entails a set of particular tasks and phases requiring substantial management coordination. Kunnathur and Zhengzhong (2001, p. 424) while focusing on the success of Information Systems Planning in public institutions in China notes that SISP is a cluster of resource intense functions with the probability of reaping gains from the business planning process. Thus, it facilitates firms to restructure internal processes and achieve competitive advantage. Finally, Segars and Grover (1998, p. 140) in their work have defined SISP with respect to its key success instruments which include alignment, cooperation, analysis, and improved planning capabilities. They have argued that these factors help to incorporate IT in formulating management strategies. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is and continues to be a critical factor in strategic planning process in every business strategic planning as it establishes the ‘strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats’ that it faces. In particular organizations that are embracing the advancements of Information Technology, such as Australia’s Perisher Blue, have to incorporate SWOT analysis. First, the company has acknowledged in its strategic vision for IT role that for it to considerably increase service delivery, it has to computerize all its systems. This will come in handy at improving accessibility of customers ten-fold. Considering its previous experiences, automation of systems has to be done corresponding to large influx of customers. This forms the basis for the formulation and integration of strategic plan by the company and carrying out of a SWOT analysis. Its strategic plan is spread over a period of 10-15 years in ensuring a robust business growth. Perisher Blue has to initially assess its internal environment which in other words represents the prevailing strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of Perisher Blue vary according to various aspects and in the context of its reference. First the company is strategically located on the Australian Snow Mountains –a tourist destination of interest- with exclusive possession of Perisher Valley, Smiggin Holes, Blue Cow, and Guthega. Thus, it is well positioned in the market or else it has a sizeable market share in terms of geography. The only input required is to develop this market by linking all the four tour sites and coming-up with different packages to cater for a wide range of customers. The latter can be argued to be strength in that there are many types of visitors to the resort ranging from alpine skiers, snowboarders, cross country skiers, snow players, and holiday makers. Although the company in a very lucrative business, it faces a number of weaknesses. First it has failed from the past experience to link up resorts in a manner that there is coherence and uniformity in service delivery. For the company to overcome this it needs to develop a proper infrastructure in terms of transport –lifts- and communication by computerizing its systems -such that delay-time in clearing visitors is reduced. Centralizing the overall management while still maintaining the autonomy of individual resorts will improve efficiency. The company also fails at the moment in provisioning for other supportive services for instance toilets, mountain restaurants, and proper management of the environment within the resorts. Conversely, there exists lucrative business opportunities for the company in the future but to exploit them, it has top formulate proper strategic plan and implement it to the maximum. First, the company is in a market position and geographically located to enjoy massive in number of visitors to the resort at all seasons and in particular the winter season. Besides, it is in winter that all types of visitors as previously stated that flocks the resort. To maximize such opportunity will require employment of robust, fast, and accessible IT framework to improve efficiency. This has to parallel to construction and/or provision of additional facilities or services to the customers that conform top modern technology. Besides, proper marketing and advertising of its packaged products will come in handy at increasing the company’s market base. Majority of these recommendations are intertwined because the implementation of strategy will have a direct impact on the other which is beneficial. To improve the management of the resorts and service delivery, contacting independent managements for every resort as well as outsourcing for provision of some services may be necessary. For instance, the services may include catering, accommodation, installation and maintenance of a computerized system. The last item in the SWOT analysis for Perisher Blue would entail establishing probable threats that it may face in the future. Such threats may be posed by its competitors, climatic change, advancements in technology, and or management of the entire company. If the company automates or computerizes the system used in service delivery, it then means that it has to keep pace with technological advancements in updating the system regularly. Besides, this calls hiring trained personnel hence incurring financial costs. Besides, the company becomes pre-disposed to system failures especially in high seasons. Another threat comes about as a result of contracting independent resort managements. The company will not be the overall authority and in case of mismanagement, financial losses will impact heavily. Besides, expansion in terms of services or facilities provisioned means a greater responsibility to the management and thus it may not be capable of rendering quality services anymore.

US Constitutional Policy for Privacy

US Constitutional Policy for Privacy Case of Reading Weeks v. the United States The main issue in the case The main issue, in this case, was that private property was not to be interfered with unless there was a warranty and if not it was taken as illegal according to the Fourth Amendment. The security officers disallowed from interfering with evidence if it is gotten through illegal means or undertaking illegal searches. Precedent or Laws used by the court to come to its ultimate conclusion The court undertook the case based on the Fourth Amendment to achieve its conclusion. Under this Amendment as per the United States Constitution, the security officers and the federal court are restricted from undertaking cases which involved evidence which was taken from suspects illegally or through unwarranted searches. All searches and arrests are to be issued a warranty so as to be termed as legal as per the law (Vile, 2013). How the court applied the law to the facts of the case The court had to order for his property which included papers and articles returned and he was left free because the police officers who undertook the search had no warranty for the search. Under the Fourth Amendment, he was protected by the law and his property was returned. Conclusion This case played a big role in ensuring that private properties are handled legally and all the rights of individuals are not misused and hence improving equity. Silverthorne Lumber Company, Inc., Et Al. v. United States The main issue in this case The main issue, in this case, was to ensure that any evidence which is gotten by obtaining documents from private property without a permit to be taken as illegal. Precedent or Laws used by the court to come to its ultimate conclusion The court used the exclusionary rule and the Fourth Amendment based on the constitution, which says that the evidence achieved without a permit from a suspect is illegal. The constitutional rights had to be protected in the case as so the case was dismissed because the tax papers copies were gotten without a permit (Cruft, 2015). How the court applied the law to the facts of the case The tax records were copied by the federal agents without the permit and as per the law this records were therefore seen as not perfect and interfered with. The court applied this rule as this led to doing away with the case. Conclusion The case played a good role in ensuring that the documents of individuals are not accessed without his/her knowing and therefore has helped improving privacy. Mapp v. Ohio The main issue in this case The main issue, in this case, was that the obtaining of evidence from a suspect to use in criminal prosecutions which are undertaken without a search warrant and through unreasonable searches. Precedent or Laws used by the court to come to its ultimate conclusion The court made a conclusion of the case based on the interpretation of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution to ensure the protection of the rights of individuals. How the court applied the law to the facts of the case The police officers had gotten to Mapps property and taken unreasonable searches. The court, therefore, had to do away with the evidence which was obtained illegally as per the constitution. Conclusion This case helped to ensure that the evidence obtained from any case is obtained through a way that the suspect is able to know. The role played by the cases to form standards of constitutional searches in the US This cases helped in ensuring there is a protection of rights for all individuals during searches. They have ensured that the privacy of individuals property is considered. They have also ensured that the individuals are able to understand clear reasons for searches before they are done. REFERENCES Cruft, R., Liao, S. Renzo, M. (2015). Philosophical foundations of human rights. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Vile, J. Hudson, D. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Fourth Amendment. Thousand Oaks, Calif: CQ Press.

Advantages of Business Strategies

Advantages of Business Strategies Strategy is the direction an scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging business environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Business strategy: Business strategy is the only driving force behind any successful business since it builds the foundation for the same. The business strategy is not just a statement of intent or a mere speech. Their scope is not just limited to the management. There are different strategies as per the business and the best one among them must be chosen which can fulfil the needs of the organisation and emends of a rapidly changing world for revolutionary business strategies. It must also be able to handle the internal pressure of the organisation when the plan is being executed. How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? (Advantage) What external, environmental factors affect the businesses ability to compete? (Environment) Where is the business trying to get to in the long-term (direction?) What resources (skills, assets, finance, relationships, technical competence, and facilities) are required in order to be able to compete? (Resources) Which markets should a business compete in and what kind of activities is involved in such markets? (Markets; scope) Strategy at Different Levels of a Business? What are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business? (Stakeholders) Definition of business environment: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htm Why study the business environment: In each and every organisation there is some relation with business environment, each and every type of business is surrounded with environment directly or indirectly. Business environment is surrounding with its customers and stakeholders and it have of political as well as legal forces this all together makes business environment, in order to achieve profit and also to fulfil the stakeholder expectation a business has to change its environment as per market need. The organisation which understood the business environment and make necessary changes according to the environment succeed in business in terms of profit and needs of stake holders. On the hand the business which does not changes according to the environment leads to failure of the business, so for each and every organisation business environment, Is really important. Different level of business strategy: In each and every organisation strategy is used at different levels of company among them the following is the modern levels strategy is being employed by organisatation. Corporate strategy: This strategy is considered and completely influence by stakeholder needs. At this level fundamental decision about future direction of an organisation with the purpose to fulfil the needs of stakeholders at this level strategy is done by considering the stakeholders because they are the only one who invest in the organisation so the corporate strategy is or related stakeholder expectations Business unit strategy: This levels of strategy is completely focused on how a business competes in a particular targeted market, it concerns strategic decision in relation to product, meeting needs of the customers , taking benefit over competitor and employing strategy related to business operation and creating new opportunities for business. This is the only level which directly influences with the customers in respect to corporate strategy. Operational strategy: This level f organisation is concerned with how every part of the business is organized to fulfil the needs of corporate and business unit level strategy direction. Its major focuses on the issues related to recourses and processes. this level is also employing strategy related to people and surrounding of business. Key elements of marketing strategic decision Main body: In each and every organisation Business environment have existence by knowingly or unknowingly because it cannot exist without an environment. The process of strategy management is basically divided into two major environment and they are Microenvironment and Macro-environment. In the challenging business environment this are two main aspect that influences each and every businesses which are also known as inner environment (micro environment) which have direct effect or relation with the business for example: customer. And outer environments (macro environment) which have indirect effect on the business for example: political factor. There is an very clear indication that influences of environment or speeding up in the market so the organisation have to take it seriously consideration as the company who had taken its seriously had succeeded in the market and the organisation ignored its had failed in the market, both the major type and its factor of influences are briefly described as under. Macro environment (Outer environment): The political environment: Politicians have instrumental in shaping general nature of external environment and being responsible for the legalization of rules and regulation that affects specific type of organisation, at very general level the stability of political system affects the business and strategy so the organisation has to change its strategy according to the legal matters otherwise it can indirectly affects the business and its activities The social and culture environment: The organisation is also being affected by its social and culture environment as the generation are also changing so the business environment has to be change according to the changing social needs, it is crucial for the business to fully appreciate the culture values of the society because if a business is doing its business in another country which is quite different from its own than there the attitude towards the product is different as compare to its own country, so for an organisation it is really important to consider the social and culture environment of the country where its doing business. The demographic environment: As population is growing day by day the size and the age is also going so in respect to this demographic environment changes the organisation has to change its strategy towards the stocks and prediction of the market because most organisation are dealing with the product which they have to keep ready in advance by predicting the future of sales The technology environment: As this is new era of business so the organisation have to overcome with new and latest technology because in this environment as technology is outdated the product is out of the market, so the organisation has update its technology within a time period, because once thrown out of the market and to get again the same position in the market it take a long time so this environments is really important and being speedily changes. Economic: Business and Economy are highly inter related. Businesses cannot be successful in an economy on decline and if businesses are not doing well it is highly unlikely for the economy to boom. For ex Lehman brothers, this was the fast company to get doomed because of economic crisis. Legal: Legality means doing whatever the law permits. Same applies for business also. Business strategies and operations are permissible as long as they are legal. Business needs to function within the legislative limits. Business not only needs to comply with the existing legislations but also the changes in them. (strategy management peter Fitzroy/James Hulbert) Micro environment (Inner environment) Employees: In running each and every organisation employees are must to carry out day to day business activities and they are the one who deals with other parties of the business on behalf of the business as they are having direct effect to the business they falls under microenvironment Customers: Customer are a crucial part of an organisation in microenvironment its really simple no customer means no business. An organisation should be seriously consider about the changing requirement of the customer, because in challenging business environment everybody are targeting the customer so this factor of micro environment is really important for each and every organisation Supplier: The supplier provides an organisation with goods and services than is being transformed by the organisation and by adding value to it than further sold to its customer this factor of microenvironment is also important because if there is not proper supply and there is no product and in challenging business environment the product service should be fast as well as quick Competitor: In challenging business environment there is high rate of competition in the market so its very important to keep updating the strategy of the competitor and try to understand their strategy like their future moves their future product this is also an important microenvironment in such a challenging business environment. Financial organization: This financial environment is consist of both shareholder and the investor which support the organisation and they are timely being reassured about the achievement of goals both short and long term because if they dont trust the company than they might take their investment back from the organisation and which effects the a lot to the business. The government: The demands of government agencies are also consider of microenvironment commercial organisation provides government with taxation and revenue so the organisation has to in touch with the government policy in relation to their tax and regulation and can make their strategy according to the changes of the regulation so the organisation has to take careful consideration of this environment also Internal environment: Internal environment is very important part of any business environment and include finance, marketing, production, personnel and RD. These elements are considered to be within the organisation. The most important job of an internal environment is developing strategies for an organisation management process. Is also focuses on the point that the organisation should always have a well trained staff to do a right job at the right time since they are the biggest asset of any organisation and also they are directly related to most important thing of any business i.e. customers. It also focuses on the point that business strategies should always change with the changing need of the customers. Critical Evaluation SWOT ANAYSIS: How NOKIA uses SWOT analysis to determine internal factors and external factors. Strengths: (INTERNAL) The largest cell phone vendor by far, with almost doubles the market share of nearest competitor. The product being user friendly and have all the accessories one want that is why is in great demand making it No-1 selling mobile phones in the world. One of the top 20 brands in the world The re-sell value of Nokia phones are high compared to other companys product Weakness: (INTERNAL) The price of the mobile phones offered by the company. The service centers in India are very few as compared to the number of users and therefore after sales service are not good. Slow to adopt new ways of thinking . Opportunities: (EXTERNAL) Telecommunication growth in India being at the peak time, Nokia has an opportunity to increase its sales as well as the market share. Make a significant position in the cdma market. New growth markets where cell phone adoption still to come. Threats: (EXTERNAL) The threats like emerging of other big mobile companies such as Motorola, Sony Eriksson, etc in the market. The growing demand of WLL network Late in the entry of 3G market. How Acer uses Porters 5 Forces as an analytical tool to determine strategy and success over its competitors Threat of substitutes: Acer face that from rival dell who can provide the same goods and value and sell at a much lesser price, as there is a threat from consumer to switch to alternatives, this could force Acer to reduce its product price and income to struggle with other markers Bargaining power of suppliers: The exact for suppliers to retailers is that is they pay a helpful price for its supplies, and would not sell to retailers if the price quoted was not paid, then the suppliers would not sell its goods of them. Since Acer having a market share from other company as well as small shop keepers, has an advantage to dictate the price the suppliers will be paid for their goods, thus if supplier do not tend to decrease price, it is clear that they would be left with a smaller market share to sell their product. Power of consumers: Due to a large competition in the electronic market industry, it has forced markets to switch to low product cost in order to attract more buyers, thus more power favoritism the buyers, in order to achieve more customers and trade with struggle is more victorious to customer preservation, and has also led to increase in profits. And customer wants lower price and service, better choices. Threat to new entrants: Due to high market share of company like Acer, Dell, Sony which has to led to barriers for new markets to enter competition, since most of these markets lower prices of their goods in order to win a better client care, pays a much lesser which would buy less goods at a better rate. Thus Acer also has an upper hand on economies of scale How Mc Donalds uses PESTEL as a strategy to overcome challenges and gain advantages over its competitors. Political: All the international operations of Mc Donalds are as per the policies enforced by the individual governments. On the other hand, the company is controlled by the individual policies and regulations of operations. like any business venture, these McDonalds stores have to contend with the issues of employment procedures as well as their tax obligations so as to succeed in the foreign market. Economical: Food chains like Mc Donalds do have their individual concerns involving economic factors. Their Branches and franchises have the tendency to experience hardship in instances where the economy of the respective states is hit by inflation and changes in the exchange rates. Their problem depends on the response of the consumers on these fundamentals and how it could influence their general sales. Exchange rate fluctuations also play a significant role in the operations of the company. The companies also have to consider the economic standing of the state on which they operate on. Socio-Cultural: The organisation improves on establishing a positive mind-set from their core consumers. McDonalds indulge a particular variety of consumers with definite types of personalities. In 2005 McDonalds has launched a sensibly valued set of food that tenders a reliable level of quality for the respective market where it operates. Technical: McDonalds generates a demand for their own products. The companys key tool for marketing is by means of television advertisements. The companys marketing is also done through toys and play spots. The operations of McDonalds have significantly been infused with new technology. Elements like the inventory system and the management of the value chain of the company allows for easy payments for their suppliers. The integration of technology in the operations of McDonalds tend to add value to their products. Legal: The reputation of McDonalds is apparently a huge matter and with the opposition to the fast food industry Mc Donalds apply a more consideration on their corporate social responsibilities. The company has provided their customers the relevant data that they need with reference to the nutritional substances of their products. This is to attend to the arguments of obesity charged against the products of the company. Environment: Mc Donalds employ of non-biodegradable substances for their drinks glasses and Styrofoam coffers for the meals. The social responsibilities of McDonalds on the state are influential to the operations of the company. These entail accusations of environmental damage. (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/pestle-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html) Ethics: Strategic management must also ensure ethical values i.e. personal values and fairness. Many of the organisations around the world are not following this and hence they have to face the problem in the future. A commitment to transparency is necessary with greater communication and sharing of information within the firm. Strategic management is also about meeting the share holders expectation and capturing the full potential of the firm. It also takes into consideration the future perspective of the strategy. It also includes an alternative if in case the plan does not work. In short Strategic management is not an easy task if properly implemented. .(strategy management peter Fitzroy/James Hulbert) STAKEHOLDERS AND ORGANIZATIONAL VALUE: 1. Shareholders: They are one of the important factors in micro-environment because they all the one who had given capital in the company so in order to make their expectation the stakeholders are being received by the short term and long term goal in challenging business environment they are one of the important factors of environment. Conclusion and Recommendation: A sound corporate strategy is the best way to ensure for the organization to create value for stakeholders and to unify the business activities to meet the organizational objective. Successful companies have gone through successive incremental strategic changes that were appropriate at the time. Thus it is imperative that trade-offs are essential to any successful strategic decisions. Most companies owe their success to the unique strategic position derived from strategic management of behavior, operation and critical rationally scanning of the business environment. It enables the company to take assessment of the current position, analyze and prepare for the future. Strategy provides a structure for decision making and enables organizations meet the requirement of the stakeholders by pattern of the available resources. Use of Strategic Analytical tools like few discussed above empower organizations to take picture of their current place and optimize their resources to achieve competitive position. Businesses cannot afford to overlook their environment. All its income, opportunities, perspective, problems are factors of its environment. Strategy cannot be formulated with taking into account environmental influences. positive monitoring of the environment and incorporating the environmental trends provides the frame for optimizing opportunities and configuration of resources to achieve the business objective. References: Richard lunch, corporate strategy4th edition, Pearson education ltd.Page no. 2-5. Peter Fitzry, strategy management, John wiley sons ltd. page no.40-50 http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/pestle-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html Adrian palmer Bob Hartley, The Business environment fifth edition, published by Mc-Graw-Hill Education. Johnson. G, Scholes. K, and Whittington. R. (2008).Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. London: Prentice Hall. pg7. Lynch, R. (2009), Strategic Management, 5th ed. London, FT Prentice Hall.

Public Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Essay -- Religion in Public

Public Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Prayer in public schools has been a controversial issue in our country for a very long time.   According to the First Amendment, the government shall not establish any official religion. Therefore, as long as the government doesn't make it mandatory for the students to pray, they should be allowed to at least have that choice. One minute set aside for a student to either have a moment of silence or to have their own prayer isn't hurting anyone, as long as students are not forced to pray. By taking away that right, it is violating their rights as American citizens and their right to have freedom of religion. In 1962, The Supreme Court ruled that school prayer violates the constitution. Many believe a new amendment needs to allow voluntary school prayer. For example, the Christian Coalition was sponsoring a bill called The House Joint Resolution 78 or The Religious Freedom Amendment. This bill will not allow the government to establish a religion, but it does give people the right to pray and recognize their own religious beliefs and traditions on public property, which does include schools. William J. Murry, the head of the Religious Freedom Coalition, held a family rally for those in favor of this bill. A petition was signed of almost one million signatures on it. The bill ended up making it to the House of Representatives. While it gained the majority of the votes, it failed to gain the 2/3 vote to amend the Constitution. They are still working on "restoring voluntary school prayer and having a safeguard for religious freedoms." Colby May, the director of government affairs for the American Center for Law and Justice, says that a change needs to be made. Those who oppose him arg... ...rayer need to be reintroduced   in the school system. Perhaps this is a way to get kids back on track since the current downfall of good behavior in schools. Our country believes in the "freedom of religion" but by taking away the right to pray, it takes away from that "freedom" many so desperately need. Works Cited "House Panel Approves Constitutional Amendment Allowing School Prayer." Your School and the Law 14 Nov. 1997. "School Prayer Bill Attracts Support." Your School and the Law 11 April. 2007. "School Prayer After Santa Fe?; Public Schools Caught Between Students, Parents and Court." Texas Lawyer 7 Aug. 2004:   Pg 25. "Key Cases on School Prayer" Managing School Business 23 April 2006. Office of Congressman Istook, U.S. House of Representatives. "The Religious Freedom Amendment." 10 Nov. 2001.   Ã‚  

The Glass Menagerie - Amanda Wingfield Essay -- English Literature

The Glass Menagerie - Amanda Wingfield If there is a signature character type that marks Tennessee -Williams’s dramatic work, it is undeniably that of the faded Southern belle. Amanda is a clear representative of this type. In general, a Tennessee Williams faded belle is from a prominent Southern family, has received a traditional upbringing, and has suffered a reversal of economic and social fortune at some point in her life. Like Amanda, these women all have a hard time coming to terms with their new status in society—and indeed, with modern society in general, which disregards the social distinctions that they were taught to value. Their relationships with men and their families are turbulent, and they staunchly defend the values of their past. As with Amanda, their maintenance of genteel manners in very ungenteel surroundings can appear tragic, comic, or downright grotesque. Amanda is the play’s most extroverted and theatrical character, and one of modern American drama’s most coveted female roles (the acclaimed stage actress Laurette Taylor came out of semi-retirement to play the role in the original production, and a number of legendary actresses, including Jessica Tandy, have since taken on the role). Amanda’s constant nagging of Tom and her refusal to see Laura for who she really is are certainly reprehensible, but Amanda also reveals a willingness to sacrifice for her loved ones that is in many ways unparalleled in the play. She subjects herself to the humiliating drudgery of subscription sales in order to enhance Laura’s marriage prospects, without ever uttering so much as a word of complaint. The safest conclusion to draw is that Amanda is not evil but is deeply flawed. In fact, her flaws a... ...r we will see that she is afraid of what will happen to a young girl of Laura’s position who is not married. Thus, Amanda’s emotions are mixed at present but will become clearer as the play progresses. Note how Amanda plays the revelation scene for all its theatrical effect. This is also a part of her character and prepares us for her giddy actions when the gentleman caller comes. One of Amanda’s admirable qualities is her determination. Once she has set her mind to a task, she goes about it with a determination that neither of her children possesses. It would be impossible to imagine either Tom or Laura dedicating themselves to a task with such complete zeal as does Amanda. It is, however, this dedication which makes her appear hateful to her children. It is as though both, especially Tom, were still youths whose every action had to be supervised.